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reliability in a study

Answer the following questions:

  • How do researchers determine reliability in a study? Describe the major types of each.
  • How do researchers determine validity in a study? Describe the major types of each.
  • As a member of a journal club that is discussing the instructor assigned article in this course, what would you identify as strengths and / or weaknesses of the reliability and validity section of this article? Hint: Use Chapter 10 to help you answer these questions.
  • Post your initial response by 2359 Wednesday of Module 3. Late posts do not get any credit. Posts must be substantive and reflect thought and effort in the discussion. Each post must have a reference, correctly cited in APA format. Always remember to cite and reference your resources appropriately using APA format.  You should be using in-text citations in your initial response.  Use in-text citations as needed in your replies.

Understanding Nursing Research Building an Evidence-Based Practice 6th Edition, Kindle Edition

by Susan K. Grove (Author), Jennifer R. Gray (Author), Nancy Burns (Author)

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Depression

The project must be typewritten, double spaced and very limited in length (maximum 12 pages).

Part I (25%)

A NP researcher randomly sampled 100 women aged 50-65 years and measured their minutes of exercise in the past week, BMI, and depression. Depression was measured using a Likert type scale consisting of 20 items. The summation score ranged from 20 to 100 and the higher the score, the higher the level of depression. The Pearson correlation coefficients (r’s) are summarized in the following table. For the analyses, statistical significant level was set at α=0.05.

Table 1: correlation among minutes of exercise, BMI and depression

 

Exercise in past week (minutes)

BMI

 

BMI

-0.15

 

Depression score

-0.30*

0.20

*p < 0.05

1. Write a research and null hypotheses regarding the relationship between exercise and depression.

2. Based on the test statistics in table 1, what is your conclusion regarding your research hypothesis? (Hint: discuss both the magnitude and direction of the relationship).

3. What proportion of variance is shared by minutes of exercise and depression among women 50-65 years of age?

4. For the relationship between minutes of exercise and BMI,

a. what was the estimated power of the statistical test? (Using the power table on page 202, table 9.1, Polit 2010).

b. What was the risk that a type II error was committed?

5. If -0.20 is a good estimation of population correlation, what sample size would be needed to achieve power of 0.80 at a significance α=0.05?

PART II. (25%)

Using the “N6208 Final Project Data”,

a). select two variables with nominal or ordinal level measurements, and perform the descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage). [Please select only dichotomous variables from the following list: poverty, smoker, PoorHealth].

b). perform the bi-variate descriptive statistics using crosstabulation.

c). Hand calculate the ARs, ARR, RR, and OR. Show all your calculations.

d). Perform a chi-square analysis.

e). Using APA format, write a full report with the following sections:

1. Introduction: Describe your research question and hypothesis. Include the variables, measurement levels, the bivariate research question, and the hypothesis [for example, the event of adverse risk (using your variable name here, for instance, alcohol usage) will be higher/or lower in the risk exposed group (i.e., marijuana use) compare to the non-exposed group (non-users of marijuana)].

2. Method: Include the sample description (sample size, eligibility criteria) and statistical methods used for data analysis. (The sample information can be found in “Polit Dataset Description” in SPSS Data Sets folder).

3. Results: Include frequencies and percentages for the two variables, crosstabulation results, risk indexes (ARs, ARR, RR, and OR), and chi-square test results. Include a summary table for the results and write your interpretation.  (Attach SPSS outputs).

4. Discussion: Write a report including summary and interpretation of the findings reported in the previous sections relative to the research questions you posed in your introduction.

Part III. (50%)

Run a one-way ANOVA using the dataset “N6208 Final Project Data”. The Dataset contains 462 cases from the original PolitDatasetA. Two variables will be used for this analysis: Satisfaction and Houseproblem.

The variable Houseproblem is created using the variable housprob, a summary index of eight variables about current housing problems for the women in this sample—for example, whether or not they had their utilities cut off, had vermin in the household, had unreliable hear, and so forth. The variable housprob is a count of the total number of times the women said “yes” to these eight questions. The variable housprob is recoded into Houseproblem based on number of housing problems. The coding for Houseproblem is: 1=no housing problems, 2=one housing problem, and 3= two or more housing problems.

Satisfaction measures the overall satisfaction with material sell-being. This variable is a summated rating scale variable for women’s responses to their degree of satisfaction with four aspects of their material sell-being—their housing, food, furniture, and clothing for themselves and their children. Each item was coded from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 4 (very satisfied), so the overall score for the four items could range from a low of 4 (4 X 1) to 16 (4 X 4). Higher score indicates greater satisfaction. This scale has an internal consistency Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90. The content validity and construct validity have been established in previous research.

For this analysis, use the variable Houseproblem as the independent (group) variable and variable Satisfaction as the outcome variable. To run the one-way ANOVA, click Analyze  Compare Means  Oneway. In the opening dialogue box, move Satisfaction into the Dependent List and Houseproblem into the slot for Factor. Click the Options pushbutton, and click Descriptives and Homogeneity of Variance, then continue. Next, click the Post Hoc pushbutton and select LSD. Click continue, then OK, and answer the following questions using compete sentences:

  1. What are the mean levels of       satisfaction in the three groups? Report the mean, SD, minimum, maximum       and sample size in a table.
  2. Write a research question.
  3. Write the research hypothesis (Ha)       and the null hypothesis (Ho).
  4. What was the value of the F statistic and its p-value?
  5. Can the null hypothesis be       rejected?
  6. What were the degrees of       freedom?
  7. According to the LSD test,       were any group means significantly different from any others? If yes,       which ones?
  8. Write a paragraph summarizing all       the results.
  9. Attach the relevant SPSS       printouts.

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bradycardia.

A 60-year-old male patient is admitted with chest pain to the telemetry unit where you work. While having a bowel movement on the bedside commode, the patient becomes short of breath and diaphoretic. The ECG waveform shows bradycardia.

  • What other assessment findings should you anticipate?
  • Why does this patient probably have bradycardia?
  • Does this dysrhythmia need treatment? Why or why not? What intervention would you implement first?
  • What is the drug treatment and dosage of choice for symptomatic bradycardia? How does this drug increase heart rate?

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functions of communication

Explore the functions of communication in the strategic and program planning processes for a health care organization. Consider the topics discussed thus far and clearly integrate at least five key concepts related to an effective and efficient strategic plan for organizational communication dissemination. Identify three challenges with organization-wide strategic plan communication dissemination and recommend communication strategies to ameliorate these challenges. Your paper must be three to five double-spaced pages (excluding title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Utilize a minimum of two scholarly sources that were published within the last five years. One source must be obtained from the Ashford University Library. All sources must be documented in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

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Control of Neural Function

opic 1: Case Study

Case Study Posting Requirements

  1. Make sure all of the topics in the case study have been addressed.
  2. Cite at least three sources—journal articles, textbooks or evidenced-based websites to support the content.
  3. All sources must be within five years.
  4. Do not use .com, Wikipedia, or up-to-date, etc., for your sources.

Case Study 1

Organization and Control of Neural Function

Riku is a 19-year-old college student. One morning, after a long night of studying, Riku woke up and made himself a hot cup of coffee and toast.

Much to his surprise, when he brought the cup to his mouth to drink, the coffee spilt onto the table. Riku went to the bathroom mirror and noticed the left side of his face seemed to droop. He quickly got dressed and ran to the medical clinic on the college campus. As he ran, his left eye began to feel scratchy and dry, but he could not blink in response. The physician at the clinic listened to Riku’s story and then did a careful cranial nerve examination. She concluded that Riku had Bell palsy, an inflammatory condition of the facial nerve most likely caused by a virus.

  1. What are an afferent neuron and efferent neuron? What are efferent components of the facial nerve and their actions?
  2. Under certain circumstances, axons in the peripheral nervous system can regenerate after sustaining damage. Why is axonal regeneration in the central nervous system much less likely?
  3. At a healthy myoneural junction, acetylcholine is responsible for stimulating muscle activity. What mechanisms are in place to prevent the continuous stimulation of a muscle fiber after the neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic membrane?

Case Study 2

Somatosensory Function, Pain, and Headache

Ramandeep is an active 23-year-old. She works as a part-time nurse during the day and is studying for a postgraduate certificate in the evening. Ramandeep started to wear a bite plate at night after she began to experience jaw pain and headaches. Sometimes the pain radiated to her ear, and she would apply a hot water bottle to it to ease the discomfort. Her husband mentioned to her that he heard her grinding her teeth at night while she was sleeping. She knew then that her headaches might be from temporomandibular joint syndrome, and she went to her dentist to confirm her thoughts. In addition to the bite plate, the dentist also recommended she should continue with the application of heat, use NSAIDs when needed, and incorporate regular relaxation exercises throughout her stressful days.

  1. What effect does heat have on nociceptors so that it makes a good nonpharmacologic treatment for pain?
  2. Heat and cold treatment are both hypothesized to have an effect on the release of endogenous opioids. What are these chemicals, and why are they hypothesized to be beneficial in the body?
  3. Using your knowledge of physiology, how do NSAID analgesics function in the management of pain?

Case Study 3

Disorders of Motor Function

John is 63 years old and receives home care by an occupational therapist twice a week. His therapist is currently working with John on maintaining joint flexibility and balance. John demonstrates resting tremor, so his therapist is also working on adaptive techniques, so John can continue to use his hands to write, use the computer, and cook simple meals. John’s wife assists with his mobility and walks slowly beside him, holding his arm. Sometimes she needs to help him open his prescription bottles, so he can take his medicine, a combination of levodopa and carbidopa.

  1. What motor disease does John demonstrate? One of his signs is resting tremor. What is the difference between a resting tremor and an intention tremor?
  2. What is the advantage of combining levodopa with carbidopa? What is the benefit of anticholinergic drugs in the management of Parkinson disease?
  3. Parkinson disease involves the destruction of the substantia nigra and the nigrostriatal pathway. Where are these structures anatomically?
  4. The patient with Parkinson disease typically presents with a masklike facial expression. Why does he or she have a masklike facial expression? How are the eyes, mouth, and laryngopharynx affected by this disease?

Case Study 4

Disorders of Brain Function

Bonnie is a 70-year-old woman who lives alone. One evening, she felt light-headed and dizzy. When her head began to ache, she decided to take an analgesic and go to bed early. The following morning, upon awakening, she was unable to move the bed sheets with her right arm. At this point she was experiencing tingling sensations in her limbs, and she had difficulty keeping her balance. She dialed 911 for help, and by the time the ambulance arrived, she was confused and unable to articulate her words although she knew what information he was asking of her. In the hospital, she was examined and treated for ischemic stroke.

  1. Stroke, or brain attack, involves brain tissue injury. Describe ischemic penumbra and what factors contribute to the survival of the neurons involved. What happens if the cells of the penumbra are unable to be preserved?
  2. Compare and contrast hypoxia and ischemia. What condition is more dangerous to the brain? Explain your answer.
  3. Knowing what you do about the effects of ischemia on the brain, why would someone with ischemic stroke develop cerebral edema?
  4. What type of aphasia was Bonnie exhibiting when talking to her caregivers? Explain your answer.

Case Study 5

Sleep and Sleep Disorders

Jessica is six years old. Her parents recently saw her pediatrician because they were concerned about the sleeping difficulties Jessica has been having. Often she would scream out loud in her sleep. Her parents would rush to her room and find her sitting upright in bed, panting heavily in a state of panic. Jessica would not respond to her parent’s words of consolation, and the next morning she would have no memory of the incident at all. Her parents were worried about the anxiety their daughter was experiencing and asked the pediatrician what they could do about her nightmares. The pediatrician explained Jessica was likely suffering from sleep terrors and carefully described what that meant.

  1. What are the similarities and differences between nightmares and sleep terrors?
  2. What are the characteristics of motor, sensory, and autonomic function during REM sleep? What is thought to be the importance of this stage of sleep?
  3. Jessica’s pediatrician said that the careful management of sleep hygiene may help to decrease the incidence of her sleep terrors. What is included in an overview of the general features that demonstrate good sleep hygiene?

Case Study 6

Disorders of Thought, Emotion, and Memory

Ella is 88 years old and was living at home until very recently. Her children, who visited her regularly, noticed she was becoming more forgetful. At first, she mislaid objects, and then she began to forget her doctor’s appointments. With time, her personality changed and she became withdrawn. At home she would forget to turn off the stove or leave the kettle on until it boiled dry. After seeking advice from a gerontologist and social worker, Ella’s children placed her in a nursing home with a unit equipped for patients with Alzheimer disease.

  1. What is dementia? Why is Alzheimer disease based on a “diagnosis of exclusion”?
  2. What are the macroscopic and microscopic features of the brain that are typical in Alzheimer disease?
  3. One of Ella’s children brought her a new pair of slippers to wear in the nursing home. A minute after she received them, Ella could not remember the exchange and asked what they were doing on her bed. What part of the brain has largely been affected to produce this behavior, and what is the pathophysiology involved?

To view the Grading Rubric for this Assignment, please visit the Grading Rubrics section of the Course Home.

 

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hours of operation

Use attachment senerio to assist with assignment.

Write a 700- 1250 word paper in which you identify and recommend technology needs, hours of operation, and services offered for the health care organization. The facility will be an Urgent care facility in Augusta Ga.

Include the following in your paper:

  • Recommend which services should be provided at the center and describe why they are appropriate at this site.
  • Describe the hours of operation and why you recommend those hours.
  • Describe the major equipment and technology needed to provide the recommended service. Include a projected cost for that equipment.
  • Discuss the type of corporation you think the center should consider (e.g., a department of the hospital or an LLC) and why.

Cite at least 2 peer-reviewed, scholarly, or similar references.

Format your paper according to APA guidelines.

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Clark Healthy Workplace Inventory

Clearly, diagnosis is a critical aspect of healthcare. However, the ultimate purpose of a diagnosis is the development and application of a series of treatments or protocols. Isolated recognition of a health issue does little to resolve it.

In this module’s Discussion, you applied the Clark Healthy Workplace Inventory to diagnose potential problems with the civility of your organization. In this Portfolio Assignment, you will continue to analyze the results and apply published research to the development of a proposed treatment for any issues uncovered by the assessment.

To Prepare:

  • Review the Resources and examine the Clark Healthy Workplace Inventory, found on page 20 of Clark (2015).
  • Review the Work Environment Assessment Template.
  • Reflect on the output of your Discussion post regarding your evaluation of workplace civility and the feedback received from colleagues.
  • Select and review one or more of the following articles found in the Resources:
    • Clark, Olender, Cardoni, and Kenski (2011)
    • Clark (2018)
    • Clark (2015)
    • Griffin and Clark (2014)

The Assignment (3-6 pages total):

Part 1: Work Environment Assessment (1-2 pages)

  • Review the Work Environment Assessment Template you completed for this Module’s Discussion.
  • Describe the results of the Work Environment Assessment you completed on your workplace.
  • Identify two things that surprised you about the results and one idea you believed prior to conducting the Assessment that was confirmed.
  • Explain what the results of the Assessment suggest about the health and civility of your workplace.

Part 2: Reviewing the Literature (1-2 pages)

  • Briefly describe the theory or concept presented in the article(s) you selected.
  • Explain how the theory or concept presented in the article(s) relates to the results of your Work Environment Assessment.
  • Explain how your organization could apply the theory highlighted in your selected article(s) to improve organizational health and/or create stronger work teams. Be specific and provide examples.

Part 3: Evidence-Based Strategies to Create High-Performance Interprofessional Teams (1–2 pages)

  • Recommend at least two strategies, supported in the literature, that can be implemented to address any shortcomings revealed in your Work Environment Assessment.
  • Recommend at least two strategies that can be implemented to bolster successful practices revealed in your Work Environment Assessment.

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Health History and Discharge Orders

As a group, observe the simulated “Home Visit With Sallie Mae Fisher” video on youtube.

Refer to “Sallie Mae Fisher’s Health History and Discharge Orders” for specifics related to the case study used to inform the assignment.

Using “Home Visit With Sallie Mae Fisher” and “Sallie Mae Fisher’s Health History and Discharge Orders,” complete the following components of this assignment:

Essay Portion

After viewing the home visit, write an essay of 500-750-words in which you do the following:

  1. Identify, prioritize, and describe at least four problems.
  2. Provide substantiating evidence (assessment data) for each problem identified.
  3. Identify and describe at least four medical and/or nursing interventions.
  4. Discuss your rationale for the interventions identified.

Prepare this step of the assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

Scripted Dialogue Portion

Utilizing the information learned from the home visit, health histories, and discharge orders, write a scripted dialogue in which you provide Sallie Mae with education that describes her problems and the interventions identified to improve her condition. Consider Sallie Mae’s physiological, psychosocial, educational, and spiritual needs when developing your dialogue.

Your dialogue should resemble a script. The following is an example of a few sentences from a scripted dialogue:

Nurse: “Good morning, Salle Mae, my name is ______ and I will be your nurse today. I understand you are experiencing problems with ________.”

APA format is not required for this part of the assignment, but solid academic writing is expected.

Refer to “Home Visit With Sallie Mae Fisher Grading Criteria.”

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treatment plans

The Assignment (2 pages):

Compare at least two evidence-based  for adults diagnosed with schizophrenia with evidence-based treatment plans for children and adolescents diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Explain the legal and ethical issues involved with forcing children diagnosed with schizophrenia to take medication for the disorder and how a PMHNP may address those issues.

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culturally diverse individual

Purpose

The Course Outcomes covered this week are below.

CO2: Communicate effectively with culturally diverse individuals, families, and organizations. (PO3)

CO4: Perform a culturally competent nursing assessment. (PO7)

Discussion

Each of our communities is comprised of groups that we consider minorities.

  • Name and describe the healthcare needs of a minority group in your community/city.
  • Describe the characteristics of the group and opportunities you see for improving the health of the group.
  • How can you use your enhanced communication skills to share your concerns with the “powers that be” in your community to improve their healthcare status?

Professor’s comment: Hello All,

As you can appreciate each of our communities is comprised of groups that we consider minorities.  As you name and describe the healthcare needs of a minority group in your community/city describe the characteristics of the group and opportunities you see for improving the health of the group.  How can you use your enhanced communication skills to share your concerns with the “powers that be” in your community to improve their healthcare status?  I am sure each of your communities have strengths and challenges in this area. I look forward to hearing about them!

Dr. Rossetti

Reference: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Andrews, M. M., & Boyle, J. S. (2016). Transcultural concepts in nursing care (7th ed.). Philadelphia: PA: Wolters Kluwer.

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