Article Analysis 2

Search the GCU Library and find two new health care articles that use quantitative research. Do not use articles from a previous assignment, or articles that appear in the Topic Materials or textbook.

Complete an article analysis for each using the “Article Analysis: Part 2” template.

Refer to the “Patient Preference and Satisfaction in Hospital-at-Home and Usual Hospital Care for COPD Exacerbations: Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial,” in conjunction with the “Article Analysis Example 2,” for an example of an article analysis.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance.

RUBRIC

Attempt Start Date: 27-May-2019 at 12:00:00 AM

Due Date: 02-Jun-2019 at 11:59:59 PM

Maximum Points: 130.0

Patient Preference and Satisfaction in Hospital-at-Home and Usual Hospital Care for COPD Exacerbations: Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial

Review “Patient Preference and Satisfaction in Hospital-at-Home and Usual Hospital Care for COPD Exacerbations: Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial,” by Utens et al., from International Journal of Nursing Students (2013).

Review this article in conjunction with the “Article Analysis Example 2” document to help prepare for the article analysis assignment due in this topic.

URL:https://www-sciencedirect-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0020748913000941

Article Analysis 2

No of Criteria: 10 Achievement Levels: 5CriteriaAchievement LevelsDescriptionPercentage1: Unsatisfactory0.00 %2: Less Than Satisfactory65.00 %3: Satisfactory75.00 %4: Good85.00 %5: Excellent100.00 %Content100.0     Two Quantitative Articles10.0Fewer than two articles are presented. None of the articles presented use quantitative research.N/ATwo articles are presented. Of the articles presented, only one articles are based on quantitative researchN/ATwo articles are presented. Both articles are based on quantitative research.Article Citation and Permalink10.0Article citation and permalink are omitted.Article citation and permalink are presented. There are significant errors. Page numbers are not indicated to cite information, or the page numbers are incorrect.Article citation and permalink are presented. Article citation is presented in APA format, but there are errors. Page numbers to cite information are missing, or incorrect, in some areas.Article citation and permalink are presented. Article citation is presented in APA format. Page numbers are used in to cite information. There are minor errors.Article citation and permalink are presented. Article citation is accurately presented in APA format. Page numbers are accurate and used in all areas when citing information.Broad Topic Area/Title10.0Broad topic area and title are omitted.Broad topic area and title are referenced but are incomplete.Broad topic area and title are summarized. There are some minor inaccuracies.Broad topic area and title are presented. There are some minor errors, but the content overall is accurate.Broad topic area and title are fully presented and accurate.Hypothesis10.0Definition of hypothesis is omitted. The definition of the hypothesis is incorrect.Hypothesis is summarized. There are major inaccuracies or omissions.Hypothesis is generally defined. There are some minor inaccuracies.Hypothesis is defined. Hypothesis is generally defined. There are some minor inaccuracies.Hypothesis is accurate and clearly defined.Independent and Dependent Variable Type and Data for Variable10.0Variable types and data for variables are omitted.Variable types and data for variables are presented. There are major inaccuracies or omissions.Variable types and data for variables are presented. There are inaccuracies.Variable types and data for variables are presented. Minor detail is needed for accuracy.Variable types and data for variables are presented and accurate.Population of Interest for the Study10.0Population of interest for the study is omitted.Population of interest for the study is presented. There are major inaccuracies or omissions.Population of interest for the study is presented. There are inaccuracies.Population of interest for the study is presented. Minor detail is needed for accuracy.Population of interest for the study is presented and accurate.Sample10.0Sample is omitted.Sample is presented. There are major inaccuracies or omissions.Sample is presented. There are inaccuracies.Sample is presented. Minor detail is needed for accuracy. Page citation for sample information is provided.Sample is presented and accurate. Page citation for sample information is provided.Sampling Method10.0Sampling method is omitted.Sampling is presented. There are major inaccuracies or omissions.Sampling is presented. There are inaccuracies. Page citation for sample information is omitted.Sampling is presented. Minor detail is needed for accuracy.Sampling method is presented and accurate.How Was Data Collected10.0The means of data collection are omitted.The means of data collection are presented. There are major inaccuracies or omissions.The means of data collection are presented. There are inaccuracies. Page citation for sample information is omitted.The means of data collection are presented. Minor detail is needed for accuracy. Page citation for sample information is provided.The means of data collection are presented and accurate. Page citation for sample information is provided.Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, and language use)10.0Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is employed.Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied.Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are employed.Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence structures and figures of speech.The writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.Total Percentage  100

Instructions: There are six different art genres listed horizontally across – African, Renaissance, Impressionism, Cubism, Surrealism, and Pop Art. These same six genres are listed vertically as well. Each box on the grid reflects a common meeting point for the genres listed horizontally and vertically. In these boxes, you are asked to explain either a similarity or a difference between the two genres. Similarities/differences could include artists, time period, style, geographic location, critical response, etc. Using information you included in the grid, write a 1-2 paragraph summary in the area below the grid, for each genre relationship that further analyzes the global, historical, and stylistic perspectives for each genre comparison.

Introduction

To understand emerging and reemerging diseases, you must understand the interconnectedness between human health and the environment and have a grasp on epidemiology.

Human Health

Epidemiology, the study of determinates and distribution of disease in populations, is essential in protecting public health and controlling health problems. Before moving into the specifics of epidemiology, you need to understand some of the basics of human anatomy and physiology; specifically, how the immune system protects us from disease.

Your body’s first line of defense against a foreign invader is keeping the invader out. The skin is part of that defense, as it creates a barrier over most of the body. This defense continues with the mucous membranes lining your nasal pathway, and the hairs help catch particles and keep them from entering your lungs. Tears and saliva both contain lysozymes, which can break down foreign invaders. Bleeding from an open wound helps to rinse away dirt and other particles, and clotting helps keep anything from entering the body through that wound. Your body contains many different types of white blood cells that can fight off a variety of pathogens.

If an invader gets past the first line of the defense, the body’s second line of defense is the immune system. We can acquire natural immunity in two different ways: naturally acquired active immunity occurs when we are exposed to a disease-causing agent (for example, getting chicken pox as a child), and naturally acquired passive immunity occurs when antibodies are received through the placenta or breast milk. We can also attain immunity through vaccinations; this is called artificially acquired active immunity. Persons with severe immunodeficiency may be given antibody-containing serums or immunoglobins from a person or animal.

Many cells and chemicals that are part of the immune system work to destroy foreign substances as they enter the body. Macrophages circulate throughout the body and digest any foreign substances they run into. Interferons are chemicals released when a cell is attacked by a virus. These and other chemicals signal surrounding cells to shut down and prevent the virus from spreading. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that produces antigens that respond to specific viruses. So, if you had chicken pox as a child, then your body will produce antibodies to protect you if the chicken pox virus enters your body again.

The state of the environment also plays a role in disease transmission. For example, the changing weather patterns associated with global warming affect disease patterns. The increased rainfall and flooding in some areas has increased the populations of a major carrier of disease—mosquitoes. The warm winters and hot dry summers in many areas are also affecting the transmission of vector-borne diseases; for example, ticks spread Lyme disease and bacteria spread cholera. There is significant evidence that outbreaks of Ebola are related to unusual patterns in the wet or dry cycle. Increases in international travel have also increased the spread of diseases worldwide. In the United States, emerging diseases such as West Nile Virus cause severe illness and sometimes death (World Health Organization, 2011). As diseases spread, or new diseases are recognized, fear of a major epidemic has caused public health agencies to prepare plans for mass epidemics or bioterrorism events.

Disease Transmission Routes

• Airborne (coughing, sneezing).
• Fecal-oral transmission (improper hand washing contaminating food, untreated sewage contaminating water supply).
• Waterborne (drinking, swimming, eating, improper hand washing).
• Direct contact (athlete’s foot, warts, STDs).
• Zoonoses (animal bites, scratches, meat, hides, feces).
• Vector-transmitted (insects, rodents).
• Soil contamination (landfill leaching).
• Fomite (transferred from inanimate objects like handrails, doorknobs, grocery carts, clothing, toys).
• Nosocomial (transferred from health workers). (Hilgenkamp, 2006, p. 54).

Environmental Health

As the human population and technology have grown, our impact on the environment—and subsequently, on our own health—has also grown. The World Health Organization (2014) defines environmental health as “all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviors. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. This definition excludes behavior not related to environment, as well as behavior related to the social and cultural environment, and genetics.”

To understand environmental health, we must first understand the environment and its many interrelated systems. We do not often think about the Earth beyond what we see around us every day, but the environment spans from the core of the Earth to the outer reaches of the troposphere. The four main divisions of the Earth system are the lithosphere (crust and mantle), hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (gases surrounding earth), and biosphere (area supporting life). Life on Earth depends on the biogeochemical cycles that occur within each of these regions. Biogeochemical cycles recycle energy and chemicals through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Within the biosphere there are specific divisions called biomes. Biomes are characterized by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals. Because humans dominate most ecosystems on Earth, we have a large impact on the environment. Overpopulation and demands on natural resources can degrade the environment. Since the environment provides us with so many resources such as clean air, clean water, and nutrients, environmental degradation directly influences human health.

Environmental scientists and government officials look for ways to preserve the environment and conserve environmental resources. By monitoring human demand on the environment, laws such as the Endangered Species Act, Clean Air Act, and Clean Water Act have worked to protect the environment for future generations. While technology has created many problems for the environment, it is also being used to benefit the environment and human health. New farming techniques, waste management methods, and pollution control devices all help to keep the environment healthy and protect human health. Environmental health is everyone’s responsibility. Public health officials and governmental leaders are on the front lines, but the decisions made daily by businesses and individuals directly affect our health and the health of the environment.

References

Hilgenkamp, K. (2006). Environmental health: Ecological perspectives. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

World Health Organization. (2011). West nile virus. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ factsheets/fs354/en/

World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. (2014). Environmental health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/

Demonstration of Proficiency

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

• Competency 1: Assess basic environmental health principles, theories, and issues.
  • Analyze an emerging or reemerging disease.
  • Describe how an emerging disease is transmitted.
  • Describe the incubation period of an emerging disease.
  • Describe how an emerging disease is treated.
  • Predict prognosis of recovery and residual effects of an emerging disease.
  • Assess the role of vaccines in disease prevention.
• Competency 4: Communicate effectively in a variety of formats.
  • Write coherently to support a central idea in appropriate format with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics.

Preparation

Select one emerging or reemerging disease to research for this report. Note: You may use the WHO Infectious Diseases and CDC websites (both linked in Resources: Diseases and Pathogens), which list a variety of relevant diseases.

Instructions

To begin, select one emerging or reemerging disease to research for this report.

Then, craft a 3–4-page report that analyzes the disease and addresses the following points:

• Provide a brief historical account of the disease selected. Consider why this disease is emerging or reemerging.
• What areas of the globe are currently affected by this disease?
• How is it transmitted?
• What is the incubation period?
• What is the treatment for this disease?
• What is the role of vaccines in combatting this disease? If there is no vaccine, why not?
• What is the predicted prognosis of recovery and residual effect?

Your report should be logically organized around a point you would like to make regarding the emerging or reemerging disease you select. Consider the MEAL Plan to help organize your thoughts:

• Main Idea: What is the main point or idea that you want your reader to remember about this disease?
• Evidence: What does the research say? Support your point with evidence from the literature you have researched. (This is where you would include facts about the history, transmission, incubation, treatment, and prevention of the disease. Refer to your sources when you provide your evidence.)
• Assess: Summarize main ideas from articles related to the disease. Apply health principles and theories that relate directly or indirectly to your main point. Make explicit links between source articles and your current report.
• Link: Integrate and combine information from your source articles to your main point or idea.

Additional Requirements

Use the APA Paper Template (linked in Resources: Writing, Research, and APA) to format your report.

• Written Communication: Written communication should be free of errors that detract from the overall message.
• Length: This report should be 3–4 pages in content length. Include a separate title page and a separate references page.
• Font and Font Size: Times New Roman, 12-point, double-spaced. Use Microsoft Word.
• APA Formatting: Resources and in-text citations should be formatted according to the current APA style and formatting.
• Number of Resources: You are required to cite a minimum of 2 scholarly resources. You may conduct independent research for resources and references to support your report. Provide a reference list and in-text citations for all your resources, using APA format. You may cite texts and authors from the Resources.

In 1-2 paragraphs give an answer

Health care issues turn into law in many ways. Usually, a new debate in health care surfaces and then the controversy leads to the formation of a law. But how exactly does this happen? Sometimes a health issue is supported by a lobby group. Some issues start as a means to correct problems in patient care. Some health laws are created from public advocacy.

Regardless, should these current approaches in place today be considered “best practice?” Defend your yes/no stance. Share your thoughts on how health care issues become law. Try to point to a specific example. Do you approve of this process? Evaluate how this plan can be improved, support with specific examples. Please explain and then interact with another student’s views.